- Betts et al. (2014) The causal role of breakfast in energy balance and health: a randomized controlled trial in lean adults.
- Brown et al. (2021) Eating versus skipping breakfast has no discernible effect on obesity-related anthropometric outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
- Eating vs skipping breakfast does not impact fat loss
- 6 studies specifically looked at fat mass changes, with ~200 (of total 485) participants
- Most studies defined skipping breakfast as “first meal after 11 am”
- No training in all studies, although this is relevant when you train in the morning: then what does skipping breakfast do to your muscle gains?
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